Wilma Rudolph Essays - Wilma Rudolph, Clarksville, Tennessee, Wilma

Wilma Rudolph This report is on Wilma Glodean Rudolph. Wilma was born June 23,1940 in Clarksville, Tennessee. William's education is: her mother tutored she until she started school when she was seven. She eventually graduated from the school, went to Tennessee State University and graduated with "flying colors". When Wilma was born she weighed only 4.5 pounds, and was the twentieth of twenty-two children! Since than she was nursed by her mother until she was seven. She was sick all the time. She had measles, mumps, scarlet fever, chicken pox, and double pneumonia. She had to be taken to the doctor because her left leg was getting very weak, she soon found out she had polio in her left leg. They thought she would never walk again. But she and her mother would never give up hope that easily. The only place Wilma could go to get treated was at Meharry Hospital, the black medical college of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. It was fifty miles away but her mother took her twice a week for two years until she could walk with the help of a metal brace on her leg Finally at the age of twelve a miracle happened, she walk without a metal brace, without a crutch, without any help at all. In junior high school she followed her sister's footsteps and became a basketball player. The coach Clinton Gray did not put her in a game for three years. He finally started she her sophomore year. She started as point guard. During a tournament she was spotted by Ed Temple the couch of the famous track team called the Tigerbells. Because her school did not have a track team Ed invited Wilma to a summer sports camp for track at Tennessee State University. After graduating from high school, she received a sports scholarship and went to Tennessee State University. Because of her celebrity from her track carrier she took a year off year studies, she made appearances and participated in International track events. She returned to her studies and received a degree in education when she graduated in 1963. In 1963 she also married her high school sweetheart, Robert Eldrige, with whom she had four children, Yolanda {1958}, Djuanna {1964}, Robert Jr. {1965}, and Xurry {1971}. They later got divorced. Now I will tell you about her accomplishments. Her first accomplishment was just staying alive. But after that she won a bronze metal in the 4x4 relay race in the1956 Olympic Games at the age of 16. On September 17th 1960 in Rome she became the first women to win three Olympic gold metals. She won the 100-meter dash, the 200-meter dash, and ran the anchor in the 400-meter relay team. That led her to become one of the most celebrated female athletes in history. Because of her celebrity she caused gender barriers to be broken. Because, previously women were not allowed in all track events. So she went where no women have gone before, and so did other women thanks to her. HER AWARDS United Press Athlete of the year 1960 Associated Press Women Athlete of the year 1960 The Babe Zaharias Award 1962 Black Sports Hall of Fame 1980 U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame 1983 Vitalis Cup for Sports Excellence 1983 Women's Sports Foundation Award 1984 The First Women to get these Awards James E. Sulivan Award for good sportsmanship 1961 European Sportswriters' Sportsman of the year Christopher Columbus Award for Most Outstanding t International Sports Personality 1960 The Penn Relays 1961 New York Athlete Club Track Meet. The Millrose Games There were other honors as well. In 1963 she was selected to represent the U.S. State Department as a Goodwill Ambassador at the Games of Friendship in Dakar, Senegal. Later, that year she was invited by Doctor Billy Graham to join the Baptist Christian Athletes in Japan. She had the first party recorded in Clarksville history where blacks and whites gathered for the same event. She also went on to protest about segregation until the laws where brought down. After retiring from her track carrier she went back to Clarksville and taught at her old school Cobb Elementary, and was the track coach at her alma matter, Burt High School. She replaced her old coach Clinton Gray who tragically, died in an auto accident. After that she moved on to coaching positions first Maine, than Indiana. She was a gust speaker at dozons of schools and universities. She then became a sports commentary on national television and the co-host of a

Reformation 101 - The Protestant Reformation in Europe

Reformation 101 - The Protestant Reformation in Europe The Reformation was a split in the Latin Christian church instigated by Luther in 1517 and evolved by many others over the next decade- a campaign which created and introduced a new approach to Christian faith called Protestantism. This split has never been healed and doesnt look likely to, but dont think of the church as divided between older Catholics and new Protestantism, because there is a huge range of Protestant ideas and offshoots. The Pre-Reformation Latin Church In the early 16th century, western and central Europe followed the Latin Church, headed by the pope. While religion permeated the lives of everyone in Europe- even if the poor focused on religion as a way to improve day to day issues and the rich on improving the afterlife- there was widespread dissatisfaction with many aspects of the church: at its bloated bureaucracy, perceived arrogance, avarice, and abuses of power. There was also widespread agreement that the church needed to be reformed, to restore it to a purer and more accurate form. While the church was certainly vulnerable to change, there was little agreement on what should be done. A massively fragmented reform movement, with attempts from the pope at the top to priests at the bottom, was ongoing, but attacks tended to focus on only one aspect at a time, not the whole church, and the local nature led only to local success. Perhaps the main bar to change was the belief that the church still offered the only route to salvation. What was needed for mass change was a theologian/argument which could convince a mass of both people and priests that they did not need the established church to save them, allowing reform to run unchecked by previous loyalties. Martin Luther presented just such a challenge. Luther and the German Reformation In 1517 Luther, a Professor of Theology grew angry at the selling of indulgences and produced 95 theses against them. He sent them privately to friends and opponents and may, as legend has it, have nailed them to a church door, a common method of starting debate. These theses were soon published and the Dominicans, who sold lots of indulgences, called for sanctions against Luther. As the papacy sat in judgment and later condemned him, Luther produced a powerful body of work, falling back on scripture to challenge the existing papal authority and rethinking the nature of the entire church. Luther’s ideas and style of preaching in person soon spread, partly among people who believed in him and partly among people who just liked his opposition to the church. Many clever and gifted preachers across Germany took on the new ideas, teaching and adding to them faster and more successfully than the church could keep up with. Never before had so many clergies switched to a new creed which was so different, and over time they challenged and replaced every major element of the old church. Shortly after Luther, a Swiss preacher called Zwingli produced similar ideas, beginning the related Swiss Reformation. Brief Summary of Reformation Changes Souls were saved without the cycle of penitence and confession (which was now sinful), but by faith, learning, and the grace of God.Scripture was the sole authority, to be taught in the vernacular (the local languages of the poor).A new church structure: a community of believers, focused around a preacher, needing no central hierarchy.The two sacraments mentioned in the scriptures were kept, albeit altered, but the other five were downgraded. In short, the elaborate, costly, organized church with often absent priests was replaced by austere prayer, worship, and local preaching, striking a chord with laypeople and theologians like. Reformed Churches Form The reformation movement was adopted by laypeople and powers, merging with their political and social aspirations to produce sweeping changes on everything from the personal level- people converting- to the highest reaches of government, where towns, provinces, and whole kingdoms officially and centrally introduced the new church. Government action was needed as the reformed churches had no central authority to disband the old church and instill the new order. The process was haphazard- with much regional variation- and carried out over decades. Historians still debate the reasons why people, and the governments who reacted to their wishes, took up the ‘Protestant’ cause (as the reformers became known), but a combination is likely, involving seizing land and power from the old church, genuine belief in the new message, ‘flattery’ by laypeople at being involved in religious debate for the first time and in their language, deflecting dissent onto the church, and freedom from old church restrictions. The Reformation did not occur bloodlessly. There was military conflict in the Empire before a settlement allowing old church and Protestant worship was passed, while France was riven by the ‘Wars of Religion,’ killing tens of thousands. Even in England, where a Protestant church was established, both sides were persecuted as the old church Queen Mary ruled in between Protestant monarchs. The Reformers Argue The consensus which led to theologians and laity forming reformed churches soon broke down as differences between all parties emerged, some reformers growing ever more extreme and apart from society (such as Anabaptists), leading to their persecution, to the political side developing away from theology and onto defending the new order. As ideas of what a reformed church should be evolved, so they clashed with what rulers wanted and with each other: the mass of reformers all producing their own ideas led to a range of different creeds which often contradicted each other, causing more conflict. One of these was Calvinism, a different interpretation of Protestant thought to that of Luther, which replaced the ‘old’ thinking in many places in the middle to late sixteenth century. This has been dubbed the ‘Second Reformation. Aftermath Despite the wishes and actions of some old church governments and the pope, Protestantism established itself permanently in Europe. People were affected at both a deeply personal, and spiritual level, finding a new faith, as well as the socio-political one, as an entirely new layer division was added to the established order. The consequences, and troubles, of the Reformation remain to this day.

Getting married and the change of my life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Getting married and the change of my life - Essay Example In order to have a successful marriage, I will need to find a job and put my future wife’s needs before my own. One of the duties of being a husband is providing for a wife. Although I could not understand this fully when I was younger, I realized the importance that education would play in my life and, more specifically, enhance my chances of finding a loyal and devoted wife. This is why I came to study in the United States because of the higher level of education that was on offer. Not only did my time in college teach me valuable skills like hard work and perseverance, but I now also have the ability to locate a high-paying job that will allow me to take care of my wife more than adequately. Another reason why a job is important is because my wife will give birth to a baby in the not too distant future. This will bring a whole new set of challenges, but I am confident that the skills that I have acquired will help me be the best father that I can be. Another way that I will have a successful marriage is by putting my wife’s needs before my own. Not only is my future wife my cousin, but she is younger than I (she is 20 while I am 23). This means that she will be my responsibility when we are married. In traditional Saudi weddings, the role of the husband is clear: to provide and care for a wife more than oneself. Although this places a lot of pressure on my shoulders, my life will also become less stressful because I will have someone to support me. This will be very important to me because I will be trying to look for a job and also playing the role of a young father, so I will need all the help that I can get. Some people dread marriage because of all the challenges that inevitably come with it, but I look forward to getting married because it will make my life better in so many ways. For one, my wife and I will be able to help each other when we face difficulties. However, if my wife and I are going to have a

Create your Indiana Geology Discussion Assignment

Create your Indiana Geology Discussion - Assignment Example To be sure, there is the occasional oil spout that just happens, but usually the discovery of oil is the result of painstaking labor on the part of geologists to determine not only where oil lies, but rather or not it exists in a given place in large enough quantities to warrant massive digging and the land destructions that occurs as a result. Most of the oil in Indiana is located in the Southwestern part of the state, and into parts of Illinois and Kentucky. These oil reserves are embedded in sandstone reservoirs that average between 1,000 to 3,000 feet deep. That is some serious digging to be sure. Before digging of that scale can commence, geologists needed to be sure that it would be worth the expense and effort. This is why there was really about 50 years between the discovery of crude oil and the time that Indiana companies began to dig in 1938-1940 (Indiana Government, par. 4). The discovery in Indiana amounted to a total of 900 individual reservoirs located in approximately 500 different fields throughout southwestern Indiana. As mentioned, oil drilling began on a grand scale in 1938 and then began to expand rapidly after that into the Griffin Pool along the Wabash River. These geological features are found in Gibson County. Indiana is ranked 23rd in the United States in terms of crude oil production. While not earth shattering, this amounts to a respectable 1.73 million barrels a year. To protect the geological landscape of the state, and to ensure that environmental safety standards are met and exceeded, Indiana created the Division of Oil and Gas in 1947. They are responsible for making sure laws are followed and they regulate any future oil exploration. The division does employ three petroleum geologists, so the public can rest assured that these people have the states best interests at heart. The chart below, represented by the Indiana Government, is a representation of the oil

Product Analysis On a Portable Electronic Scale Essay

Product Analysis On a Portable Electronic Scale - Essay Example Balances are used to measure the mass of a body which means the gravitational pull on the body whereas the scale measure the weight which is the tension of the compression force provided by the scale used. In order to measure the mass of very small objects we cannot use ordinary scales or balances. For this purpose a microbalance is used which can measure mass of the order of million parts of a gram. Portable electronic scales can be used for a variety of purposes. One such purpose is to check your own luggage before entering the airport so that you do not have to pay any extra luggage money at the airport. These scales are also used by traders and businessmen who are always on the move. Diamond traders usually carry their own portable scales in order to ensure that they are not ripped off during transactions. One example of a portable electronic scales the xinyu digital luggage scale. These scales are usually very light weight and easy to use. (Best Micro-controller Projects, 2007) They also show weight correctly in kgs, pounds and other units. They can also be programmed to save the last few readings, work on easily available batteries and can be switched off when not in use. Thus the scales are quite handy and useful. A picture of the scale is shown below – Electronic portable scales measure weight with the help of a strain gauge. The strain gauge is a length sensitive electrical resistance and is used to measure the deflection of the beam once the weight is suspended from it. As the object is suspended the electrical resistance of the gauge changes. (Window, 1992)The resistance of the beam to deflection determines the capacity of the strain gauge and in turn the capacity of the scale. In order to measure smaller objects only a single strain gauge may be required but to measure very heavy objects like trucks rail wagons etc, the results which arrive from different supporting locations are added up electronically in order

The Role of the Bank of England

The Role of the Bank of England The United Kingdom’s central bank is the Bank of England. It is also known as the â€Å"Old Lady† of Threadneedle Street. The Bank of England was established in 1694 amid a founding contract that stated its principle was to â€Å"promote the public good and benefit of our people†. (About the Bank, 2015) Today, The Bank of England’s purpose is the sign of that vision or agenda first articulated by its founders. Their mission as stated in their official website is â€Å"to promote the good of the people of the United Kingdom by maintaining monetary and financial stability.† The bank was originally founded as a privately-owned organization. After the Second World War, the Bank of England was nationalised, but kept hold of its broad though largely informal unrestricted or public service mission. (About the Bank, 2015) This focus somewhat changed during 1997, when Parliament voted to provide the Bank functioning independence with a comprehensible remit to practise price stability, which was the most important challenge the macroeconomic policy makers were facing for the last two decades. This financial crisis revealed the necessity for a new move towards to financial parameter in the United Kingdom. This change has resulted in a foremost expansion in the Bank’s duties and responsibilities, which came into action since April 2013. In some way, this represented a come back to the broader task that the Bank practiced in the past. However, though the Bank’s pledge to providing the public good is recognisable by its seventeenth century organizers but its responsibilities are currently defined by the Parliament. Financial Policy Committee: The Financial Services Act of 2012 founded an autonomous Financial Policy Committee (FPC) as a subsidiary of the Bank which will work as a new prudential regulator. This created new duties for the management of fiscal market infrastructure providers. This particular committee is responsible for taking steps to reduce or remove general risks with an analysis to protect and enhance the flexibility of the country’s financial system. The FPC also has a secondary purpose to maintain the economic course of action of the Government. Prudential Regulation Authority: The Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) has the responsibility to supervise the banks, credit unions and building societies, insurers and key investment firms. This regulation authority controls almost 1,700 financial firms. Its role can be defined in two legal objectives. They are- (1) To promote the safety and security of the firms, (2) to ensure the insurers contribute in securing the proper degree of security to the policyholders. While promoting the safety of the firms, the Prudential Regulation Authority focuses mainly on the problem that the firms can create to the steadiness of the country’s financial system. A steady financial system means it is one in which firms can keep on providing significant monetary services to the economy which is a prerequisite for a strong and successful economy. (About the Bank, 2015) Monetary Policy Committee: Having monetary stability means constant prices and confidence in the money or currency. Stable prices can be defined by the Governments inflation objective which is what the Bank aims to meet by the assessments done by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). In the United Kingdom the monetary policy generally operates through the interest rate meaning the price at which money is lent. Since March 2009, this committee also started to input money directly into the economy in addition with setting Bank Rate. It injects money by buying financial assets which are often known as â€Å"quantitative easing†. Quantitative easing (QE) is an unusual type of monetary policy where a Central Bank makes new money by electronic means to purchase monetary assets, like government bonds. The aim of this process is to directly enhance the spending of the private sector in the economy and return the inflation to the intended target. (Monetary Policy, 2015) In August 2013, the Monetary Policy Committee gave some clear guidance regarding the future performance of monetary policy. The committee plans to at least maintain highly stimulative monetary policy until economic laggings have been reduced substantially given this will not put any material risks to price constancy or financial stability. (Monetary Policy, 2015) Foreign Exchange Joint Standing Committee: The London Foreign Exchange Joint Standing Committee (FX JSC) was founded in 1973 under the support of the Bank of England. It was established mainly as a medium for banks and brokers to talk about broad market topics. The aim of the Committees regular work is concerned with issues of frequent concern to the diverse members in the foreign exchange market. The Chairman and Secretary of this committee is provided by The Bank of England and its senior staffs are from many of the key banks functioning in the foreign exchange market in London, as well as from voice- and electronic-brokers, corporate users of the foreign exchange market, as well as delegates from the British Bankers Association, the Wholesale Market Brokers Association, and the Association of Corporate Treasurers. One of the main duties of the Committee is to keep up the Non-Investment Products Code. This code is a type of voluntary code of good market functionality that covers wholesale deposits as well as the Foreign Exchange market. Bank’s function in the foreign exchange market: The Bank functions in the foreign exchange market mainly for two reasons: Managing the UKs foreign currency and gold reserves on behalf of the government’s economic and finance ministry (HM Treasury). Organizing the Monetary Policy Committees (MPC) comparatively smaller band of foreign currency reserves. In addition to these main objectives, the Bank of England also controls general foreign currency transactions for the many departments of the government and also a small quantity of its customers. In the past year, quite a few members of a subgroup of the London Foreign Exchange Joint Standing Committee which is known as the Chief Dealers Subgroup, have either been suspended by their employers or dismissed because of having association with the global inquiry into probable manipulation of the currency market. (Albanese, 2014) The $5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °trillion-a-day worldwide foreign exchange market is used by governments and multinational companies to buy and sell notes, as well as hedge against the danger of currency instability. The Bank of England plays an important role as both the participant and regulator of the market as it maintains the UK government’s currency transactions. In the market they use a benchmark which is known as the 4pm â€Å"fix†. If this benchmark is by any way manipulated by traders then it can cost UK firms millions of pounds and affect everything operating in the market from business accounts to the worth of investments. (Quinn John, 2 014) The London 4pm fix which is now a joint venture was initiated in 1994. It notes down the exchange rate among foreign currencies at the 4pm closing value and then these rates are then used for transaction in the foreign exchange deals all over the world. This benchmark aster its initiation was rapidly followed by many clients looking for a universal reference point. However, the currency traders who have the knowledge of currency rates and their client orders can have a major advantage. According to Chris Towner, a foreign exchange dealer, â€Å"Currency dealers will start buying before the client and then complete the client’s order at the higher 4pm rate.† (Quinn John, 2014) Thus, the central bank plays a vital role in keeping the foreign market in balance. If the price rates of currencies are shared beforehand then market imbalance is certain. Recently the bank is going through speculation on its benchmark policy as one trader who was suspended by his employer has provided the Financial Conduct Authority of the United Kingdom a handwritten note from a private meeting which was help on April, 2012 at the bank. The note proves that the central-bank officers were given the instruction that the practice of sharing and collecting client orders was common. (Albanese, 2014) The recent allegations over the manipulation of currency markets in UK came into focus after the Libor scandal. The Libor (London Interbank Offered Rate) is an average interest rate which is calculated by submissions of interest rates by key banks in London. Libor scandal pointed out the possible manipulation of other financial markets such as gold and silver because they were mostly loosely monitored before the financial crisis. Mark Carney, the governor of the Bank of England has been facing hearings on the court regarding probably manipulation in the foreign exchange market. The manipulation of foreign exchange markets is estimated to become a criminal offence. (Treanor, 2014) The central bank plays an important role in terms of maintaining the inflation and exchange rate of a country. Since, they have the responsibility to monitor the entire market and control the private banks; any manipulation by the central bank can cause serious damages in the national financial market as well as the foreign market. The recent financial crisis has put the Central Bank of England come under serious scrutiny.

The Theme of Prejudice in To Kill A Mockingbird :: Kill Mockingbird essays

   The theme of prejudice in To Kill A Mockingbird is much more than just a case of black and white. The entire novel is about prejudice in its' many forms, the most prominent case of prejudice is the hate between the blacks and whites. The whole town of Maycomb is based on stereotypes of it's inhabitants, that are passed down from generation to generation. Rumors run rampid and very little truth is usually in them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "So Jem received most of his information from Miss Stephanie Crawford,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a neighbor scold, she said she knew the whole thing. According to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Miss Stephanie, Boo was sitting in the livingroom cutting some   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   items from The Maycomb Tribune to paste in his scrapbook. His father   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   entered the room. As Mr.Radley passed by, Boo drove the scissors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   into his   parent's leg, pulled them out, wiped them on his pants,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and resumed his activities."   (Chapter 1, page 11)   Ã‚   I don't see how you can't expect to have prejudice in a small town like that, after all isolation is a major factor in why prejudice and racism arise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Men hate each other because they fear each other,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and they   fear each other because   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  they don't know each other,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and they don't know each other because   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   they are often separated from each other. "   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -Martin Luther King   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The stereotypes in this novel are fairly common but the fact that they are accepted and used so openly in public is what astonishes me. I think people in the community, even if they do disagree with what is being said or done, they will say or do nothing because they are afraid of going against the majority of the community and become a victim of prejudice themselves. Atticus was one of the few who actually stopped and listened to himself without being biased by the views and opinions of the rest of the town. He then had the courage to stand up and take prejudice himself for trying to correct the prejudice against a black man, and prove his innocence.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Scout, you aren't old enough to understand some things yet, but   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   there's been some high talk around town to the effect that I

Chemistry Notes

Everything is made of particles. Particles in solid are not free to move around. Liquids and gases can. As particles move they collide with each other and bounce off in all directions. This is called random motion. In 2 substances, when mixed, particles bounce off in all directions when they collide. This mixing process is called diffusion. It's also the movement of particles without a force. The smallest particle that cannot be broken down by chemical means is called an atom. ;In some substances, particles are Just single atoms.For example the gas argon, mound in air, is made up of single argon atoms. ;In many substances, particles consist of 2 atoms Joined together. These are called molecules. ;In other substances, particles consist of atoms or groups of atoms that carry a charge. These particles are called ions. Solids liquids and gases Solid Properties: Definite shape and volume ; Normally hard and rigid Large force required to change shape High Density ; Incompressible Model: ; Closely packed ; Occupy minimum space Regular pattern ; Vibrate in fixed position Not free to move Liquid Properties: ; Definite volume but no shape.Not compressible Occur in clusters with molecules slightly fury Free to move about within a confined vessel WPAD W. Transmigrate crossover Demand: Pu. Researcher's www. PDFWatermarkRemover. Com to remove the watermark Gas Properties: No Fixed volume and no fixed shape ; Low density ; Compressible Very far apart ; Travel at high speed ; Independent and random motions Negligible forces of attraction between them Diffusion in Gases Gases diffuse in different rates. Those rates depend on their factors: 1. Mass of the particles The lower the mass of its particles the faster a gas will diffuse. Why?Because the lighter the molecules†¦ He faster it will travel (obviously†¦ ) 2. The temperature The higher the temperature, the faster a gas will diffuse. Why? Because particles gain energy as they are heated Mixtures, Solutions, and Solve nts Mixture: Contains more the one substance. They are Just mixed together and not chemically combined. Example: Sand and water. Solution: It is when a solute and a solvent mix. The solute dissolves in the solvent making a solution. Example: sugar (solute) dissolves in water (solvent) making a solution of sugar and water. The solubility of every substance is different.To help a solute dissolve you could: ; Stir it Rise the temperature If you add excess amount of sugar in a small amount of water†¦ It won't dissolve as there is no space for it. The solution becomes saturated. Solvent: A substance that allows solutes to dissolve in Example: Water, Ethanol Pure substances and impurities A pure substance is a substance that has no particles of any other substance mixed with it. An unwanted substance, mixed with a wanted substance, is called an impurity. To check if a substance is pure, you have to check its melting and boiling points.A pure substance has a definite, sharp, melting p oint. When a substance is impure, the letting point falls and its boiling point rises. So the more impurity present, the wider and bigger the change in melting and boiling point. Separation methods: Filter – -? Solid from liquid Centrifuge -? Solid from liquid Evaporation -? Solid from its solution Crystallization Solid from its solution Distillation -? Solvent from a solution Fractional distillation Liquid from each other Chromatography solution Separation methods – Different substances from a 1.Filtering Example: A mixture of chalk and water†¦ 1. A filter paper is placed in a funnel, the funnel placed on a flask. 2. The mixture is poured on the filter paper. The chalk (the residue) will remain in the filter paper and the water (the filtrate) will fall down in the flask. 2. Centrifuging This method is used to separate small amounts of solid and liquid. Inside a centrifuge (it's a machine), test tubes are spun very fast so the solid gets flung to the bottom. 3. Ev aporation This method is used to separate a solution in which the solid is dissolved in the liquid. . The solution is heated so that the liquid evaporates and the solid remains in the bottom of the evaporating dish. 4. Crystallization This method is similar to evaporation but here the solid forms crystals then the rascals are left to dry. Separating a mixture of two solids 1. This can be done by dissolving one in an appropriate solvent. 2. Then filtering one and extracting the other from the solution by evaporation. 5. Simple distillation 1. The impure liquid is heated. 2. It boils, and steam rises into the condenser. 3. The impurities are left behind. . The condenser is cold so the steam condenses to the pure liquid and it drops out on the beaker. 6. Fractional distillation . The mixture is heated. The wanted substance boils and evaporates 2. (some of the unwanted liquid will evaporate too) and rises up the column. 3. The substance will condense on the beads in the column causing t hem to heat. 4. When the beads reach a certain temperature when the wanted liquid wont condense anymore (That's the boiling point) it will rise while the unwanted liquid will condense and drop.The wanted liquid will make its way through the condenser where it will condense and drop down in the beaker. 7. Chromatography This method is used to separate a mixture of substances. For example you can use it to find how many colored substances there are in black ink. Steps: 1. Drop the black ink on to the center off filter paper and allow it to dry. 2. Drop water on to the ink spot, one drop at a time. 3. Suppose there are three rings: yellow, red and blue. This shows the ink contains 3 colored substances. The substances travel across the paper at different rates.That's why they separate into rings. The filter paper showing the separate substances is called a chromatogram. This method works because different substances travel at different speeds because they have different levels of attrac tion to it. Uses of chromatography: Separate mixtures of substances ; Purify a substance by separating the impurities from it ; Unit 2: The Atom Identify a substance Atoms are the smallest particles. Each atom consists of a nucleus and a cloud of particles called electrons that whiz around the nucleus. An element is a substance that contains only one kind of atom.The periodic table is the â€Å"map/address book† for elements where each element is given a symbol (E. G. K for potassium). The group of elements that have similar properties are put in a numbered column. For example, if you know how one element in group 1 behaves, you can easily guess how the others in the same group will behave. The rows are called periods. The gig-gag line separates metals from non-metals, with the non-metals on the right. So most elements are metals. A compound contains atoms of different elements Joined together where the atoms are chemically combined.For example carbon dioxide is a compound of carbon and oxygen (1 carbon and 2 oxygen molecules). The symbol for compound is made from the symbols of the elements in it. So the formula for carbon dioxide is CO. Isotopes and Radioactivity You can identify an atom by the number of protons in it. For example, only sodium atoms have 11 protons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element, with different numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are radioactive. That means its nucleus is unstable, sooner or later the toms breaks down or decays, giving out radiation in the form of rays and tiny particles, as well as large amount of energy.Like carbon-14, a number of other elements have radioisotopes that occur naturally and eventually decays. But the other two isotopes of carbon (like most natural isotopes) are non-radioactive. You can know when radioisotopes decay by looking at there half life. Radiation affects humans as it may causes them radiation sickness but radiation also has some uses. Uses of radiation: 1. Check for leaks in pipes (in dustry) This is done by adding a radioisotope to the oil or gas. At a leak, the radiation is detected using an instrument. Radioisotopes used in this way are called tracers. 2. N cancer treatment (Medical) Radioisotopes can cause cancer but yet also can cure it. Using radiotherapy the radioisotope will decay and give out rays that can kill cancer cells. These rays will be aimed exactly at the cancer cells. 3. To find the age of old remains A tiny percentage of a living thing contains carbon-14 atoms. When living thing dies it no longer takes in new carbon atoms. But existing carbon-14 atom decay over time – we can measure the faint radiation from them. How electrons are arranged The electrons in an atom circle fast around the nucleus, at different levels from it.These energy levels are caller electron shells. The further the shell is from the nucleus, the higher the energy level. Each shell can hold a limited number of electrons. First shell can hold up to 2 electrons Second shell can hold up to 8 electrons The third shell can also hold up to 8 electrons Electronic configuration means the arrangement of electrons in an atom. Argon has the electronic configuration : 2,8,8 Magnesium has the electronic configuration : 2,8,2 Important points: ; The shells fill in order, from lowest energy level to highest energy levelAll the elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer shells. These are called Valence electrons. ; The group number is the same number of outer shell electrons ; The period number shows how many shells there are. ; If an element posses a full outer shell, the element become enervative Unit 3: Atoms combining Most elements form compounds because they want a full outer shell and to achieve that they must react with other atoms. For example, sodium has Just one electron in its outer shell.It can obtain a full outer shell by losing this electron to anther atoms and by that it becomes a sodium ion. Now because sodium lost a e lectron†¦ It now has 10 electrons but 11 protons†¦ So it has a 1 positive charge. An ion is a charged particle. It is charged because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons. The ionic bond Sodium and chlorine react together; sodium gives its electron to chlorine. Now both elements have a full outer shell, but with a charge. Now they are ions. Sodium now has 10 electrons but 11 protons so it has a positive charge.Chlorine now has 18 electrons but 17 protons so it has a negative charge. The two ions have opposite charges, so they attract each other. The force of attraction between them is strong. It is called an ionic bond. When sodium reacts with chlorine, billions and billions of sodium and chlorine ions form and they attract each other. But the ions don't stay in pairs. They cluster together so that each ion is surrounded by 6 ions of opposite charges. The pattern grows until a giant structure of ions is formed. The overall charge of the structure is O since 1 positive charge and 1 negative charge neutralize each other.The ionic bonding is only between metals and non-metals. Important notes: Hydrogen and the metals form positive ions Non-metals form negative ions, and their names end in -did ; Group 4 and 5 do to usually form ions because they would have to lose or gain several electrons and that takes too much energy ; Group O elements do not form ions; they already have full outer shells ; Some of the transition metals form more than one ion. Some ions can be formed from groups of Joined atoms. These are called compound ions. Properties of ionic compound 1.Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. This is because ionic bonds are very strong, so it takes a lot of heat energy to break up the lattice. 2. Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water. The water molecules can attract the ions away from the lattice. The ions can then move freely, surrounded by water molecules. 3. Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when they ar e melted or dissolved. When melted the lattice breaks up and the ions are free to move. Since they are charged, this means they can conduct electricity.The solutions of ionic compounds conduct electricity too because they are also free to move. The covalent bond Giving and losing an electron is not the only way to gain full outer shells since atoms can also share electrons. Covalent bonding is for non-metals only since only non-metals need to gain electrons. A molecule is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. When a pair of electrons is shared, it is called a single covalent bond, or Just single bond. When 2 pairs of electrons are shared, it is called a double covalent bond, or Just double bond.When 3 pairs of electrons are shared, it is called a triple covalent bond, or Just triple Covalent compounds A covalent compound is when atoms of different elements share electrons with each other. The molecules in a covalent compound isn't flat because each electron repel each ot her and try to get as far apart from each other. Molecular substances Most molecular substances are gases or liquids at room temperature. Molecular lids are held in a lattice but the forces between the molecules are weak. All molecular solids have similar structure.The molecules are held in regular pattern in a lattice. So the solids are crystalline. When you cool down a molecular liquid or gas the molecules lose energy so they start moving slowly and at the freezing point, they form a lattice (a good example would be ice) Properties of covalent bonding 1. Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling point This is because the forces between the molecules are weak. 2. They do not conduct electricity This is because molecules are not charged, so they cannot conduct, even when melted

How to Make Homemade Magic Sand

How to Make Homemade Magic Sand Magic Sand  (also known as Aqua Sand or Space Sand) is a type of sand that doesnt get wet when placed in water. You can make your own Magic Sand at home by following a few simple steps. Magic Sand  Materials Basically, all you need to do is coat the sand with a waterproofing chemical. Just gather: Clean sandWaterproofing spray (such as Scotchguard) How to Make Magic Sand Place the sand in a small pan or bowl.Evenly spray the surface of the sand with the waterproofing chemical. You may need to shake the container of sand to expose untreated surfaces. You dont have to drown the sand in the chemical- youll have enough once the sand changes from looking dry to appearing wet.Allow the sand to dry.Thats it. Pour the sand in water and it wont get wet. How Magic Sand Works Commercial Magic Sand, Aqua Sand, and Space Sand consist of colored sand that has been coated with trimethylsilanol. This is a water-repellent or hydrophobic organosilicon molecule that seals any cracks or pits in the sand and prevents water from sticking to it. Magic Sand appears silvery in water because hydrogen bonding between water molecules causes the water to form a bubble around the sand. This is critical to how the sand functions because if the water didnt stick to itself so well, the anti-wetting agent wouldnt be effective. If you feel like testing this, try putting Magic Sand in a non-water-based liquid. It will get wet. If you look closely, youll see the sand forms cylindrical structures in the water, as the water forms the lowest surface area structure that it can around the grains. Because of this, people sometimes assume there is something special about the sand. Really, its the coating and the magic properties of water. Another Way to Make Magic Sand Water repellent sand was made long before toy makers marketed Magic Sand. Early in the 20th century, Magic Sand was made by heating together sand and wax. The excess wax was drained, leaving hydrophobic sand that behaved much like the modern product. More Fun Projects To Try Magic Colored Milk Project (Surface Tension)Make Silica or Pure SandMake Homemade Oobleck References   G. Lee, Leonard (Publisher) (1999),  The Boy Mechanic Book 2, 1000 Things for a Boy to Do. Algrove Publishing - Classic Reprint Series original  publication 1915.

The setting of a Christmas carol Essays

The setting of a Christmas carol Essays The setting of a Christmas carol Paper The setting of a Christmas carol Paper Essay Topic: A Christmas Carol How does Dickens set the scene for the appearance in Jacob Maryles Ghost in stave 1 of a Christmas carol? Dickens immediately sets the scene by writing a forceful, yet mysterious beginning to the first scene. Marley was dead to begin with The effect of this opening is startling and also shocking. This is a very unusual way to open a story. Also this is a question to his death, so he is dead but could come into the story later. Dickens exaggerates this point of that Marley is dead and is very repetitive in this manor. So this makes the reader ask themselves why the writer is doing this and repeating such a bold point. But then dickens puts the reader back into reality Old Marley was as dead as a doornail. So this reassures the reader that Marley is dead and also dickens has used a simile with alliteration. The use of alliteration emphasises the meanings of words so that the word compared to the object is bolder. Introduction. Charles Dickens was born in 1812. His father worked for the navy pay office. So Dickens s early life gave him plenty of chances to see life on and around the Thames. He attended a small school until he was eleven, when he and his family decided to move to London. His family contained himself, five other children and his mother and father. His father wasnt bringing enough money so his mother thought she could get a job but this was not meant to be. The family had to sell all the books they had collected and other valuable household items to a pawnshop. When Charles turned twelve so his parents where leased to find Charles a job at a blacking factory. This would be a very dirty un hygienic place to work but this was life. This was a big warehouse, which was decaying and full of rats. Paragraph 2. In the next scene of the book, dickens uses his second technique, which describes Scrooge by his physical features. Dickens describes scrooge so bad that he intends it for us to dislike scrooge, the type of description is so inhumane that we think of him as a creature. The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivels his cheek, stiffened his gait, made his eyes red and made his thin lips blue. This helps the reader picture a disgusting and strange looking man who is incredible ungiving. Dickens describes Scrooge by writing what Scrooges action are. Scrooge never painted out old Marleys name therefor this could show that Scrooge is so stubborn to buy and paint the board outside of his business. Dickens also describes scrooge in a different way, which is when he uses a verb chain. This also describes scrooge in a bolder way so it portrays him in a meaner way. This is effective because this is exaggerated to the extreme, so that scrooge is discovered to be how mean he is. Scrooge is compared to an oyster and this is such a good comparison. This is because oysters have very hard ugly shells but they have a pearl, which is pretty inside. This could mean that scrooge has a outer shell which means hes argent, horrible and stubborn, but inside he could have a better giving side to him. Also the theme of redemption is introduced here because at Christmas people look back on the year and try to change the bad ways they have done, so the reader may be thinking of this. Paragraph 3 A further method by which Dickens prepares us for the ghostly vision of Marleys face on Scooges door is how he describes the setting outside Scrooges counting house. In the next scene dickens describes the setting of a Christmas carol. Dickens uses the fact that Marley is dead and describes the setting in an unusual way. First dickens describes the setting as dark, damp and gloomy. This is a very different contrast to a normal Christmas, which is light, snowy and sunny. The reader wonders why dickens does this, because this is totally opposite to what Christmas is really like. Another technique that dickens uses is personification It was cold, bleak, biting weather. This doesnt really happen because the cold isnt really biting scrooge its that it is so cold it feels as if you are being bitten.

Discourse Analyse of the Simpsons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discourse Analyse of the Simpsons - Essay Example 1. Why does everything have to be a movie? 2. The Simpsons has been tooling along for 18 years now as a TV show 3. and genuine cultural institution 4. and even if its quality has dipped in the last few years, 5. it remains ideally consumed in half-hour increments, perhaps with the occasional extra-long episode. 6. The adventures of the titular family 7. and the dozens of eccentric characters who inhabit Springfield are generally fast-paced 8. and densely packed with jokes, 9. with absurd plots that would fall apart 10. if stretched beyond sitcom length. 11. That’s not a flaw; 12. it’s a perfect recipe for a good TV show. 13. But now we have The Simpsons Movie, a feature-length version of the show that has some snazzier animation 14. but otherwise amounts to a decent oversized episode. 15. For dedicated fans, especially those who remain regular viewers in the show’s later years, this will probably be enough.

Nutrition Data and Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nutrition Data and Analysis - Assignment Example It is evident from the data that I am below the target of all the required food types or kinds that I am supposed to take in order to be in a position to count that I am eating healthy. All the graphs are showing a trend below the target for good and healthy eating. This aspect cuts across all the 12 graphs s shown above. My diet therefore, fails to meet the minimum amounts of needed food kinds to make me a healthy person. Basing on the data above, the weight of my height falls above the recommended health range. I think this can increase the risk of contracting diseases and facing or experiencing several problems of health. I may need to consider weight loss in order to be fit and healthy. My diet therefore, needs to be enhanced a bit and checked to ensure that it balances out well in order to make sure that what I take ends up making me healthy rather than exposing me to risks of disease. It may be important that I talk to a nutritionist or a health provider in order to seek guidance and help with selecting what is healthy for me to take. The counseling will include the pattern and the progam for eating and physical activity in order to balance out well and to eat healthy foods. This will greatly assist me in managing my weight, ensuring that I set goals, and I track the calories that I take. When carrying out an activity that is moderate, I can talk while when doing one that is vigorous I can say some few words when holding my breath. In order to increase the fibre level in my diet, I may have to choose foods rich in fibre as compared to those that lack fibre. This will help in the enhancement of my body tissues. In sufficient in-take of proteins and carbohydrates for instance, may contribute to illnesses. Therefore, I will need to watch keenly the amounts of all this types of food that I take so that I do not end up not balancing them. A healthy diet will ensure that I keep fit and safe. My body will not be susceptible to